TL;DR
- GameStop context: Vlad Tenev says the 2021 halt stemmed from outdated settlement rules that forced brokers to restrict trading when collateral demands spiked.
- Tokenization pitch: Vlad Tenev argues blockchain‑based tokens with near‑instant settlement remove multi‑day counterparty risk and reduce the likelihood of sudden restrictions.
- Industry shift: Exchanges and regulators are advancing tokenization pilots, while Robinhood has already issued nearly 2,000 stock tokens in Europe and plans to expand around‑the‑clock trading and DeFi‑linked features.
The debate over equity market plumbing resurfaced this week as Robinhood CEO Vlad Tenev argued that tokenized stocks could prevent the type of trading halts seen during the 2021 GameStop surge. In a post on X, he described the episode as a failure of outdated settlement mechanics rather than broker misconduct, pointing to structural weaknesses that resurfaced during periods of extreme volatility.
— Vlad Tenev (@vladtenev) January 28, 2026
Clearinghouse Pressures and the 2021 Breakdown
Vlad Tenev recalled how Robinhood and other brokerages were forced to restrict purchases of heavily traded meme stocks after clearinghouse rules triggered steep collateral demands. Under the then-standard T+2 settlement cycle, trades did not settle immediately, requiring brokers to post large deposits to cover counterparty risk. As volumes and price swings accelerated, those requirements rose sharply, leaving firms with limited options other than curbing activity. The restrictions fueled backlash from retail traders who felt excluded at a critical moment.
Why T+1 Still Falls Short
Although the industry has since shifted to a T+1 settlement cycle, Vlad Tenev said the change only partially addressed the underlying issue. He noted that settlement can still stretch across weekends and holidays, exposing markets to rapid news cycles and social‑media‑driven trading. In his view, the system remains vulnerable to the same pressures that contributed to the 2021 halt, even if the timeline has narrowed.
Tokenization as a Structural Alternative
Tenev positioned tokenization as a more durable solution. Tokenized stocks settle on blockchain rails in near real time, eliminating multi‑day counterparty exposure and reducing the need for clearinghouses to demand large collateral buffers. He highlighted features such as continuous 24‑hour trading, native fractional ownership, and transparent on‑chain records as additional advantages. Robinhood has already deployed this model in Europe, offering more than 2,000 tokenized representations of U.S. stocks and ETFs. On‑chain trackers show the firm has minted nearly 2,000 tokens worth just under $17 million.
Industry Momentum and Regulatory Guardrails
Momentum for tokenization is building across traditional finance. The New York Stock Exchange is preparing a digital platform for tokenized securities, pending regulatory approval, while Nasdaq has submitted a rule change to enable on‑chain representations of listed stocks. Regulators maintain that tokenization does not alter a security’s legal status, a position underscored by the SEC’s recent no‑action letter enabling a pilot to tokenize 2026 U.S. Treasuries, major ETFs, and Russell 1000 stocks.
